Automatic Dosing Device Under this topic we shall consider chlorine disinfection, which is the most widely used disinfectant globally. We'll explore a bit the chemistry of chlorine and chlorine dosing. We'll look at different forms of chlorine; gas, liquid, and solid. And review the effectiveness of chlorine in reducing pathogens. Chlorine has been used for over a century for the treatment of drinking water. Beginning in the UK and USA in the early 20th century. Today, chlorine is used in 98% of U.S. water utilities and in similarly high numbers across the world. Chlorine is also widely used at the household level. Of course, many households use bleach for cleaning and laundry. But in surveys conducted in low and medium income countries, 5.6% of respondents reported adding chlorine to their drinking water to make it safer to drink. This was the second most common household water treatment practice mentioned, after boiling, and was particularly high in Latin America
tripleclicks.com
Iron is one of the major secondary contaminant in both domestic and industrial water supply. Iron have caused water industries several billions of dollars . Iron is the second most abundant metal in the earth's crust behind Aluminum(8%), of which iron accounts for about 5%. Elemental iron is rarely found in nature, as the iron ions Fe2+ and Fe3+ readily combine with oxygen- and sulfur-containing compounds to form oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides. As rain fall, rain water infiltrates the soil and underlying geologic formations and dissolves iron, causing it to seep into aquifers that serve as sources of groundwater for wells. In surface water, such as rivers and lakes, dissolved iron is hardly ever found, because it readily reacts with oxygen, forms insoluble compounds and sinks out into the bottom of the water body. Iron is seldom found at concentrations greater than 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) or 10 parts per million. The iron that seep into the sources of g