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Total Hardness Of Water

Total hardness Water is one of the characteristics of water that that is either desirable or undesirable depending on level of hardness. In reality not all water contain hardness, some are soft, we will explain later. What is water hardness? Hardness is defined as the concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions expressed in terms of calcium carbonate, in another word water hardness can also be define as a measure of divalent cations (primarily calcium and magnesium) present in the water and is expressed as mg/L hardness as calcium carbonate or Water hardness can also be defined as the sum of the divalent metallic ions in the water. We have been able to define water hardness in different way, from our definition so far, we can identify what water hardness is and also the likely cause, but, the information provided is not enough as to why are we interested in water hardness or why should we be concern about the hardness of our water. Table Top Total Hardness Meter Why sho...
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Alkalinity Of Drinking Water

Alkalinity Of Drinking Water Alkalinity  of water is the capacity of water to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic. In another word, alkalinity of water is a measure of the water's ability to neutralize acidity. In summary, alkalinity of water can be defined as the buffering capacity of a water body; a measure of the ability of the water body to neutralize acids and bases and thus maintain a fairly stable pH level" Alkalinity  is basically dissolved minerals in the water that help neutralize the water, alkalinity is one of the characteristics display by water when bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides are present in Water, these minerals have their sources from lime rocks as water percolates through rocks and soil. Alkalinity acts as a buffer if any changes are made to the water's pH value. The Alkalinity in the water will help keep the water's pH stabilized. Alkalinity is often related to hardness because the main source of alkalinity i...
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Disinfection/Chlorination in Water Treatment

Disinfection/Chlorination in Water Treatment Disinfection  is a process whereby micro organisms are eliminated through the use of disinfectants, such as chlorine, or ozone,  e.t.c. Disinfection can be carried out on a variety of products or things on which these disinfectants are suitable for use. For the purpose of this study we shall limit our scope to disinfection in water only. In water treatment chlorine is the most preferred disinfectant because it is not only the cheapest disinfectant, but, it has been proven by experiment and experience to give a very good effective results, it is also very effective against micro organisms such as bacteria and some viruses but, not very effective against protozoans especially Cryptosporidium. Chlorine also provides a residual protection for water during and after treatment, which prevent recontamination, which other disinfectants such as ozone and U.V cannot provide. For Chlorination to be very effective, it requires a contact time ...
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TURBIDITY OF WATER

TURBIDITY OF WATER Turbidity is one of the indicator parameters of water that gives an insight into the quality of water, a turbid water will always be undesirable and it is one of the major problem of water and water treatment. What is Turbidity? Scientifically turbidity is the measurement of relative clarity of a liquid. Turbidity is the amount of cloudiness in water. Turbidity of water is caused by suspended or dissolved particles in water; these particles can include clay, silt, fine organic and inorganic matters, algae and other micro organisms. Turbidity of water as an important factor in determining the quality of water has a specification set by World Health Organization[ WHO ] for drinking water, although most water treatment plants strive to achieve as low as 0NTU, but  WHO  and EPA  stated that for drinking water the turbidity should ideally be below 1NTU and should not exceed 5NTU. The unit of turbidity is NTU, although there are other units such as ...
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Water dispenser as a source of infection

Water Dispenser WATER DISPENSER. Water from water dispenser as a source of Infection. Water is essential for life and every one desire a clean, portable and quality water to drink. But, this desire also comes with it's own challenges, one of which is the build up of micro organisms which when ingested result  infection and disease. Every home and offices is proud to have a water dispenser, but, very few care or have the knowledge of what they are using. Water from a dispenser is almost the first choice for most people at home or in our offices, but, the question we never asked is how truly safe is the water from this dispensers? Water from a dispenser should be one of the safe water to drink, if the source is safe. Another factor to consider is the dispenser itself. Is the dispenser safe the day it was purchased and installed? That is, is it free from contamination? And if yes, did you maintain that quality? And if yes how did you achieved this? The answers to the ...
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Water Test and Quality of a Good Drinking water

Water Test and Quality of a Good Drinking water Quality of a good drinking water A good drinking water is the water that meet certain standard and criteria set by regulatory bodies, a good quality water can either be natural water like natural spring water or purified water, water that have undergone treatment.  A good quality water must meet the following standard as shown in the table1 below A good quality water must be tested for the present of heavy metals, and also microbial screening must be carried out to ensure that the water is not only free of heavy metals but also free of micro organisms. The table 1 only shows preliminary test, test that can be easily done in any laboratory and they give a clue on what to expect on further investigation. Table 2 and table 3 below shows required standard for heavy metals and micro organisms respectively. In order to achieve the above set standard for drinking water, water treatment plant is required...
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Mini Water Treatment Plant For Domestic And Industrial Purposes

Domestic multiple techniques water treatment plant Multiple technique Water Treatment Plant For Iron Removal Soft Water Treatment Plant Multiple Barrier Water Treatment Plant For Sulfur removal Deionized Water Treatment Plant Multiple Water Barrier System For Removal of high Salinity in Water  Water Treatment Plant Demineralized Water Treatment Plant For Cosmetic Industry The pictures above shows different types of water treatment plants for different purposes, water treatment plants are design to either solve one or two or more problems associated water from the source, for a water treatment plant to be effective it must meet the desired result, if not it is a failure. So it is very important to contact expert in water treatment before building a plant to avoid waste of resources and time. Mycleanwater Nigeria is a registered business name in Nigeria, we are into water treatment and domestic water treatment plant i...
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Water Filter Cartridges

Household Micron Filter Industrial Micron Filters These filters are very important in treatment of water to meet required standard. They are in different size depending on the choice of usage. The different types of filters we have are reverse osomosis(ro), ultra filters, nano filters, and micron filters, others also include materials such as cloth, but, all these have different log reduction value and their level of effectiveness. Filtration is one of the techniques used in treatment of water at household level and also for  industrial or municipal water treatment, where it is used along over treatment techniques. Mycleanwater Nigeria is a registered business name in Nigeria, we are into water treatment and domestic water treatment plant installation and services Kindly visit our business site for more information  Click Here To Join Mycleanwater Nigeria WhatsApp Group  Click here For Our Facebook Page  Click here
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Iron a Major Secondary Contaminant in Domestic and Industrial Water Supply

Iron is one of the major secondary contaminant in both domestic and industrial water supply. Iron have caused water industries several billions of dollars . Iron is the second most abundant metal in the earth's crust behind Aluminum(8%), of which iron accounts for about 5%. Elemental iron is rarely found in nature, as the iron ions Fe2+ and Fe3+ readily combine with oxygen- and sulfur-containing compounds to form oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides. As rain fall, rain water infiltrates the soil and underlying geologic formations and dissolves iron, causing it to seep into aquifers that serve as sources of groundwater for wells. In surface water, such as rivers and lakes, dissolved iron is hardly ever found, because it readily reacts with oxygen, forms insoluble compounds and sinks out into the bottom of the water body. Iron is seldom found at concentrations greater than 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) or 10 parts per million. The iron that seep into the sources of g...
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Water and Water Contaminants

Water is an essential commodity to life. In fact, water is life, and a clean portable water is wealth. No human or animal can survive without water for a very long period of time, no matter the alternative available to such individual. It is believed that about 70% of our body mass is made up of water and also that water occupied most part of the earth than dry land. The availability of water do not mean water will be available for usage, many people live in the mist of water and yet they lack water to drink, not because there is no water but, because the available water is in an undesirable state. In order to solve this problem man devised a means to treat water, to make available water useful. Water treatment employed various methods or techniques to treat water to a desired purpose. These methods or technologies varied from simple method to complex method depending on the desired purpose whether for domestic or industrial or agricultural purpose or otherwise. From time immemor...
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Back Washing Of Water Treatment Modules

Back Washing is a term used in water treatment to describe the process by which trapped or filtered contaminants in water during water treatment process are discharge or remove from the water treatment module. Figure 1 below shows a mini water treatment module, while figure 2 below shows a large pressure water treatment module( A Pressure Sand Filter Tank) Fig. 1. Treatment Module Fig. 2. Large Pressure Water Treatment Module Back Washing is a broad term which have different definition and meaning, but, in context to our lesson, it is best describe as above. Back Washing technically involved passing water in a reverse direction against the normal direction of water flow into and out of our water treatment module, during this reverse process the contaminants that were trapped such as particles, debris, flocs, e.t.c are removed or discharged from our water treatment module either into the  environment or into a waste water treatment plant. Figure 3 shows the back wa...
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Heat(Boiling) A Unique Method Of Water Disinfection.

Boiling is the oldest method of household water treatment, and today it's practiced by an estimated 600 million people around the world Boiling of Water Heat, in fact, kills through different mechanisms heat impacts enzymes and causes them to denature and become non functional. It can affect the proteins that make up cells and cause them to unfold and change their shape. And also within a cell it can increase the pressure which damages cells.  We'll look at two broad classes of heat treatment; boiling and pasteurization. To understand how heat disinfection works we have to first think a little bit about temperature and pressure, and recognize that pressure affects the boiling point. If the pressure is higher, then the boiling point can be higher. And in fact, this is how an autoclave works with steam sterilization and high pressure about one bar above atmospheric pressure and that allows water to reach 121 degrees Celsius. And if it's kept there for 15 minutes under steam i...
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