Total hardness Water is one of the characteristics of water that that is either desirable or undesirable depending on level of hardness. In reality not all water contain hardness, some are soft, we will explain later. What is water hardness? Hardness is defined as the concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions expressed in terms of calcium carbonate, in another word water hardness can also be define as a measure of divalent cations (primarily calcium and magnesium) present in the water and is expressed as mg/L hardness as calcium carbonate or Water hardness can also be defined as the sum of the divalent metallic ions in the water. We have been able to define water hardness in different way, from our definition so far, we can identify what water hardness is and also the likely cause, but, the information provided is not enough as to why are we interested in water hardness or why should we be concern about the hardness of our water. Table Top Total Hardness Meter Why sho
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Iron is one of the major secondary contaminant in both domestic and industrial water supply. Iron have caused water industries several billions of dollars . Iron is the second most abundant metal in the earth's crust behind Aluminum(8%), of which iron accounts for about 5%. Elemental iron is rarely found in nature, as the iron ions Fe2+ and Fe3+ readily combine with oxygen- and sulfur-containing compounds to form oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides. As rain fall, rain water infiltrates the soil and underlying geologic formations and dissolves iron, causing it to seep into aquifers that serve as sources of groundwater for wells. In surface water, such as rivers and lakes, dissolved iron is hardly ever found, because it readily reacts with oxygen, forms insoluble compounds and sinks out into the bottom of the water body. Iron is seldom found at concentrations greater than 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) or 10 parts per million. The iron that seep into the sources of g